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Transformers Collection standarads

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Transformers Collection

2002 Special Edition Contents

IEEE Std 62-1995, Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power Apparatus —Part 1: Oil Filled Power Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors (ANSI)

IEEE Std 259-1999, Standard Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulation for Specialty Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE Std 637-1985 (Reaff 1992), Guide for the Reclamation of Insulating Oil and Criteria for Its Use (ANSI)

IEEE Std 638-1992 (Reaff 1999), Standard for Qualification of Class 1E Transformers for Nuclear Power Generating Stations

IEEE 1276-2000 Edition, Guide for the Application of High Temperature Insulation Materials in Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers

IEEE Std 1277-2000, General Requirements and Test Code for Dry-Type and Oil-Immersed Smoothing Reactors for DC Power Transmission

IEEE Std 1388-2000, IEEE Standard for the Electric Reporting of Transformer Test Data (ANSI)

IEEE Std 1538-2000, IEEE Guide for Determining of Maximum Winding Temperature Rise in Liquid-Filled Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE Std C57.12.00-2000, Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers

IEEE Std C57.12.01-1998, Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformer Including Those with Solid-Cast and/or Resin-Encapsulated Windings

ANSI C57.12.10-1997, Standard for Transformers—230 Kv and Below 833/958 Through 8333/10 417 kVA, Single-Phase, and 750/862 Through 60 000/80 000/100 000 kVA, Three-Phase Without Load Tap Changing; and 3750/4687 Through 60 000/80 000/100 000 kVA with Load Tap Changing—Safety Requirements

ANSI C57.12.20-1997, Standard for Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers, 500 kVA and Smaller: High Voltage, 34 500 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 7970/13 800 Y Volts and Below

ANSI C57.12.21-1992, Standard for Transformers—Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled, Three-Phase Distribution Transformers with High Voltage Bushings; High-Voltage, 34500 GRYD/19920 Volts and Below; Low-Voltage, 240/120 volts; 167 kVA and Smaller

ANSI C57.12.22-1993 (Reaff 1998), Standard for Transformers—Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled, Three-Phase Distribution Transformers with High-Voltage Bushings, 2500 kVA and Smaller: High-Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 480 Volts and Below

IEEE C57.12.23-1992 (Reaff 1999), Standard for Transformers—Underground-Type, Self-Cooled, Single-Phase Distribution Transformers With Separable, Insulated, High-Voltage Connectors; High Voltage (24 940 GrdY/14 400 V and Below) and Low Voltage (240/120 V, 167 kVA and Smaller) (ANSI)

ANSI C57.12.24-2000, Requirements for—Underground-Type Three-Phase Distribution Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 480 Volts and Below—Requirements

ANSI C57.12.25-1990, Standard for Transformers—Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled, Single-Phase Distribution Transformers with Separable Insulated High-Voltage Connectors: High-Voltage, 34 500 GrdY/19 920 Volts and Below; Low-Voltage, 240/120 Volts; 167 kVA and Smaller—Requirements

ANSI C57.12.26-1992, Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled, Three-Phase Distribution Transformers for Use with Separable Insulated High-Voltage Connectors (34 500 GrdY/19 920 Volts and Below; 2500 kVA and Smaller)

ANSI C57.12.28-1999, Standard for Pad-Mounted Equipment—Enclosure Integrity

ANSI C57.12.29-1991, Standard for Pad-Mounted Equipment—Enclosure Integrity for Coastal Environments

ANSI C57.12.31-1996, Standard for Pole-Mounted Equipment—Enclosure Integrity

ANSI C57.12.32-1994, Standard for Submersible Equipment—Enclosure Integrity

IEEE C57.12.35-1996, Standard for Bar Coding for Distribution Transformers

ANSI C57.12.40-2000, Standard for Secondary Network Transformers—Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)—Requirements

IEEE C57.12.44-2000, Requirements for Secondary Network Protectors (ANSI)

ANSI C57.12.50-1981 (Reaff 1998), Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Distribution Transformers, 1 to 500 kVA, Single-Phase, and 15 to 500 kVA, Three-Phase, with High-Voltage 601 to 34 500 Volts, Low-Voltage 120 to 600 Volts

ANSI C57.12.51-1981 (Reaff 1998), Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Power Transformers, 501 kVA and Larger, Three Phase, with High-Voltage 601 to 34 500 Volts, Low-Voltage 208Y/120 to 4160 Volts

ANSI C57.12.52-1981 (Reaff 1998), Requirements for Sealed Dry Type Power Transformers, 50a kVA and Larger, Three Phase and High Voltage 601 to 34500 Volts, Low Voltage 208Y/120 to 4160 Volts

ANSI C57.12.55-1987 (Reaff 1998), Standard for Dry Type Transformers in Unit Installations, Including Unit Substations—Conformance Standard

IEEE C57.12.56-1986 (Reaff 1998), Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Ventilated Dry-Type Power and Distribution Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.12.58-1991 (Reaff 1996), Guide for Conducting a Transient Voltage Analysis of a Dry-Type Transformer Coil (ANSI)

IEEE Std C57.12.59-2001, Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration

IEEE C57.12.60-1998, Guide for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Solid-Cast and Resin-Encapsulated Power and Distribution Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.12.70-2000, Standard for Terminal Markings and Connections for Distribution and Power Transformers

IEEE C57.12.80-1978 (Reaff 1992), Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.12.90-1999, Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers and Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.12.91-2001, Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.13-1993, Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers

IEEE C57.13.1-1981 (Reaff 1999), Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.13.3-1983 (Reaff 1990), Guide for the Grounding of Instrument Transformer Secondary Circuits and Cases (ANSI)

IEEE C57.15-1999, Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Step-Voltage and Induction-Voltage Regulators (ANSI)

IEEE C57.16-1996 (Reaff 2001), Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Dry-Type Air-Core Series-Connected Reactors (ANSI)

IEEE C57.18.10-1998, Standard Practices and Requirements for Semiconductor Power Rectifier Transformers (Revision and redesignation of ANSI/IEEE C57.18-1964) (ANSI)

IEEE C57.19.00-1991 (Reaff 1997), Standard General Requirements and Test Procedure for Outdoor Power Apparatus Bushings (ANSI)

IEEE C57.19.01-2000, Standard Performance Characteristics and Dimensions for Outdoor Apparatus Bushings (ANSI)

IEEE C57.19.03-1996, Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Bar Coding for Bushings for DC Applications (ANSI)

IEEE C57.19.100-1995, Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings (ANSI)

IEEE C57.21-1990 (Reaff 1995), Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Over 500 kVA (ANSI)

IEEE C57.91-1995, Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Overhead and Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformers Rated 500 kVA and Less with 65° C or 55° C Average Winding Rise

IEEE C57.93-1995 (Reaff 2001), Guide for Installation of Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.94-1982 (Reaff 2000), Recommended Practice for Installation, Application, Operation, and Maintenance of Dry-Type General Purpose Distribution and Power Transformers

IEEE C57.96-1999, Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers

IEEE C57.98-1993 (Reaff 1999), Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests (ANSI)

IEEE C57.100-1999, Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.104-1991, Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.105-1978 (Reaff 1999), Guide for Application of Transformer Connections in Three-Phase Distribution Systems (ANSI)

IEEE C57.106-1991 (Reaff 1998), IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (ANSI)

IEEE C57.109-1993 (Reaff 2000), Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-Current Duration (ANSI)

IEEE C57.110-1998, Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents

IEEE C57.111-1989 (Reaff 1995), Guide for Acceptance of Silicone Insulating Fluid and Its Maintenance in Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.113-1991, Guide for Partial Discharge Measurement in Liquid-Filled Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors

IEEE C57.116-1989 (Reaff 2000), Guide for Transformers Directly Connected to Generators (ANSI)

IEEE C57.117-1986 (Reaff 1998), Guide for Reporting Failure Data for Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors on Electric Utility Power Systems (ANSI)

IEEE C57.119-2001, Performing Temperature Rise Tests on Oil-Immersed Power Transformers at Loads Beyond Nameplate Ratings (ANSI)

IEEE C57.121-1998, Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.124-1991 (Reaff 1996), Recommended Practice for the Detection of Partial Discharges and the Measurement of Apparent Charge in Dry -Type Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.125-1991 (Reaff 1998), Guide for Failure Investigation, Documentation, and Analysis for Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors

IEEE C57.127-2000, Trial-Use Guide for the Detection of Acoustic Emissions from Partial Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers

IEEE C57.129-1999, General Requirements and Test Code for Oil-Immersed HVDC Converter Transformers

IEEE C57.131-1995, Guide for the Application of Metal Oxide Sure Arresters for AC Systems (ANSI)

IEEE Std C57.134-2000, Guide for Determination of Hottest Spot Temperature in Dry Type Transformers (ANSI)

IEEE C57.138-1998, Recommended Practice for Routine Impulse Test for Distribution Transformers (ANSI)

Timeline of historic inventions

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Timeline of historic inventions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009)

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.
Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.

[hide]

[edit] Paleolithic era

Main article: Paleolithic

Further information: Evolution of human intelligence and Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures

Indeterminate: Music, Language
2.4 Ma BP: Olduwan - struck stone tools, in East Africa
1.65 Ma: Acheulean - struck and reworked stone tools, in Kenya
1.4 Ma: Knife in Ethiopia
1 Ma: Controlled fire and sterilization of food and water (cooking) in East Africa^{[citation needed]}
500 ka: Shelter construction ^[1]
100-500 ka: Clothing^{[citation needed]}
400 ka: Pigments in Zambia ^[2]
400 ka: Spears in Germany ^[3]
200 ka: Burial in Africa^{[citation needed]}
140 ka: Bone tools in Africa (see Blombos Cave)
60 ka: Ships probably used by settlers of New Guinea^{[citation needed]}
60 ka: Bow^[4]
43 ka: Flute in Slovenia (disputed)^[5]
43 ka: Mining in Swaziland and Hungary^{[citation needed]}
37 ka: Tally sticks in Swaziland ^[6]
36 ka: Cloth woven from flax fiber^[7]^[8]
35 ka: Flute in Germany^[9]
30 ka: Sewing needles^{[citation needed]}
28-22 ka: Ceramics in Moravia (see Venus of Dolní Věstonice)
28-17 ka: twisted Rope^[10]^[11]
12 ka: Basket weaving^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Antiquity

[edit] 6th millennium BCE

[edit] 5th millennium BCE

History of technology


By period and location
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